4.    The difference between "production orientation" and "marketing orientation" is best explained as follows:

a)    there are no separate functional departments in a marketing-oriented firm.
Oh yes, there are!

b)    in a marketing-oriented firm the total system's effort is guided by what individual departments would like to do.
Certainly not, that would be the definition of a "chaotic firm".

c)    production-oriented firms usually do not have a marketing manager.
If they don't, I wonder how their products are reaching their customers.

d)    in a marketing-oriented firm, every department's activities are guided by what customers need and what the firm can deliver at a profit.
There are always two sides to the equation: a marketing-oriented firm is looking at satisfying the needs of the market AND the organizational needs and goals, i.e. profit.

e)    all major decisions are based on extensive marketing research studies in marketing-oriented firms.
Some decisions are, others aren't, but production-oriented companies can also base their decisions on marketing research - most actually do.

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